英语长难句分析之基础语法

　　名词性从句之名词性从句

　　主语从句可以按其引导词的不同分为三类：

　　第一类,用从属连词that 引导的主语从句,例如：

　　That we shall be late is certain.

　　That the driver could not control his car was obvious.

　　这种结构主要是对that 从句的内容进行强调,属正式文体,连词that 不可以省略;但是在一般情况下,往往使用先行it 结构,即用it 作形式主语,而把that 从句放到后面,这时,在口语中,连词that 有时则可以省略.所以上述两句可以改为：

　　It is certain that we shall be late.

　　It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.

　　如果整个句子是疑问形式,就只能用先行it 结构,例如：

　　Is it true that he would take the risk?

　　Is it possible that they will come tomorrow?

　　常使用先行it 结构,用that 从句作主语的句子有下列几个句型：

　　1、It + be + 形容词+ that 从句：

　　It is clear that he was telling the truth.

　　It’s probable that we’ll be a little late.

　　2、It + be + 名词词组+ that 从句：

　　It’s a pity that you can’t go with us.

　　3、It + 及物动词+ 宾语+ that 从句：

　　It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.

　　It shocked me that Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was.

　　4、It + be + 过去分词+ that 从句：

　　It is said that he has been there many times.

　　5、It + seem/happen/appear 等不及物动词+ that 从句：

　　It seems that he has lost something.

　　注意：

　　在上述第1 和第2 两种句型中,that 从句前置与使用先行it,that 从句后置在意义上没有什么差异;但使用先行it 结构较为常见.

　　在第3 种句型中,that 从句前置在语法上是可能的,但实际上并不常见,通常总是使用先行it 结构.

　　第4 种句型实质上是被动结构,由于that 从句不可以位于句首作被动句的主语,所以只能使用先行it 结构.

　　第5 种句型已经形成了固定的搭配关系,that 从句不能前置,只能使用先行it 结构,不过,这种结构可以转换为带有不定式的简单句,例如：

　　It happened that I had no money with me that day.

　　→ I happened to have no money with me that day.

　　第二类,用连接代词who、whose、which、what,连接副词when、where、how、why,以及连词whether(或if)引导的主语从句,例如：

　　Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.

　　→ It is not yet clear who was responsible for the accident.

　　What he did is not yet known.

　　→ It is not yet known what he did.

　　Whether it is true remains a problem.

　　→ It remains a problem whether / if it is true.

　　从以上例句可以看出,这类主语从句可以直接放在句首作主语,也可以使用先行it 结构,把主语从句放在后面,两种结构可以互换,意义上无差异,但用if 引导主语从句时,只能采取先行it 结构,也就是说if 不可以引导置于句首的主语从句.

　　第三类,用what、whatever、where、wherever、whoever、whichever 等代词引导的主语从句,例如：

　　What he said at the meeting encouraged everyone.

　　Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.

　　这类从句一般相当于带有定语从句所修饰的名词词组,即在结构上相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句,例如：

　　What he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.

　　→ The thing that he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.

　　Whoever breaks the law is sure to be punished.

　　→ Anyone who breaks the law is sure to be punished.

　　切记,这类主语从句不可以使用先行it 结构.

　　上述第二类主语从句与第三类主语从句尽管在形式上十分相似,但实际上是不同的.第二类结构中用连接代/副词引导的从句系由特殊疑问句转化而来,以whether/if 引导的从句系由一般疑问句转化而来,自然含有疑问的意味,例如：

　　When they will have the sports meet is still a question.

　　→ When will they have the sports meet?

　　Who he is doesn’t concern me.

　　→ Who is he?

　　Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.

　　→ Will he join us?

　　而第三类结构中的主语从句则没有疑问的意味.

　　试比较下列各句：

　　① What caused the accident is a complete mystery.

　　② What caused the accident was a broken bottle.

　　③ What she looks like doesn’t matter.

　　④ What she’d like is a digital watch.

　　上述各句中尽管都有一个以what 引导的主语从句,但其意义不尽相同;第①和③句中的主语从句系由“What caused

　　the accident?”和“What does she look like?”转化而来,所以可以改成：

　　It is a complete mystery what caused the accident.

　　It doesn’t matter what she looks like.

　　第②④句中的主语从句含义分别为“The thing that caused the accident”和“The thing which she’d like”,所以不含疑问意味,因此不可以说：

　　It was a broken bottle what caused the accident.

　　It is a digital watch what she’d like.

　　但是可以说：

　　It was a broken bottle that caused the accident.

　　It is a digital watch that she’d like.

　　不过,这已不是主语从句,而是强调结构了.

　　学好初中英语的必背句型

　　句型31：keep sb. / sth. +adj/doing/介词短语/adv

　　You must keep your room clean.

　　你们必须保持房间干净。

　　Sorry to have kept you waiting.

　　对不起，让你久等。

　　Can you keep her in the room ?

　　你能让她在这个房里吗?

　　Keep them there.

　　让她们在那儿呆着。

　　句型32：find +宾语+宾补

　　He finds it very hard to travel around the big city .

　　他发现要环游这个大城市是很难的。

　　句型33：... not ... any more/ longer

　　The old man doesn't travel any more.

　　这位老人不再旅行了。

　　He isn't a thief any longer.

　　他不再是个贼。

　　句型34：What’s the weather like...?

　　What's the weather like in spring in your hometown ?

　　你们家乡春天天气怎么样?

　　句型35：There is no time to do sth;sb have no time to do sth

　　There was no time to think.

　　没有时间思考。

　　I have no time to go home for lunch.

　　我没有时间回家吃午饭。

　　句型36：Help oneself to...

　　Help yourself to some fish.

　　吃鱼吧!

　　句型37：used to do sth

　　I used to read this kind of story books.

　　我过去常读这种故事书。

　　句型38：borrow ... from...

　　I borrowed an English book from him.

　　我从他那借了一本英语书。

　　句型39：lend sb. sth.= lend sth. to sb.

　　He lent me a story book=He lent a story book to me.

　　他借我一本故事书。

　　句型40：have been to...

　　Have you ever been to CHINA?

　　你曾去过中国吗?

　　句型41：have gone to...

　　Where's he?He's gone to China.

　　他在哪儿?他去中国了。

　　句型42：be famous for...

　　Hawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches.

　　夏威夷以它美丽的海滩而出名。

　　句型43：No matter +疑问句+主句

　　No matter when you come，you are welcomed.

　　无论你们什么时候来，都受欢迎。

　　句型44：be afraid of / to do / that...

　　I'm afraid not.

　　恐怕不能。

　　Don't be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English.

　　当说英语时不要害怕犯错误。

　　句型45：... as ... as possible;... as ... as sb can

　　I hope to see him as soon as possible.

　　我希望能尽快见到他。

　　He ran here as fast as he could.

　　他尽最大努力跑到这儿。

　　句型46：practise / enjoy / finish doing

　　A young man practised speaking English with Mr Brown.

　　一个年青人和布朗先生练习说英语。

　　Tom enjoys playing football very much.

　　汤姆很喜欢踢足球。

　　He finished reading the story book.

　　他看完了那本故事书。

　　句型47：It’s said that ...

　　It’s said that one of the most dangerous sharks is the Great White Shark.

　　据说最危险的鲨鱼之一是大白鲨。

　　句型48：Not all / everyone ...

　　Not all birds are alike.

　　并不是所有的鸟都一样。

　　句型49：be based on

　　His argument is based on facts.

　　他的论断是以事实为根据的。

　　句型50：... so that ...

　　They got up early so that they could catch the eraly bus.

　　为了能赶上早班车，她们早早就起床了。

　　句型51：be+num. +metres / kilometres / years...+long / wide / deep / high / old...

　　The Great Green Wall is 7，000 kilometres long.

　　绿色长城长7000公里。

　　The river is about 2 metres deep.

　　这条河大约有2米深。

　　The boy is about 12 years old .

　　这个男孩约12岁。

　　句型52：keep ... from doing

　　The heavy rain kept us from starting out.

　　大雨阻止了我们出发。

　　句型53：with one’s help...

　　With your help，I've come to Nanjing to study further. 在你的帮助下，我来南京深造。

　　句型54：I don’t think ...

　　I don't think any of them is important.

　　我不认为他们中任何一个是重要的。

　　句型55：What’s the population of ...?

　　What's the population of Nanjing ?

　　南京人口有多少?

　　句型56：prefer to do … rather than do

　　They prefer to buy a new one rather than repair it.

　　他们更喜欢买一辆新车，而不愿去修理它。

　　句型57：be worth (doing) …

　　This book is worth reading.

　　这本书值得读。

　　句型58：regard … as...

　　We regard him as a real friends of us.

　　我们把他看做一位真正的朋友。

　　句型59：be confident of

　　He is confident of getting the first place.

　　他对拿第一有信心。

　　句型60：be angry with / about / at(doing)

　　We are all very angry with ourselves.

　　我们都很生自己的气。

　　I was angry about his decision to build a factory here.

　　我很生气他决定把工厂建在这儿。

　　I was angry at being kept waiting.

　　这样一直等我很生气。