冠 词(1-4~2-2)
大纲要求：
1、不定冠词的基本用法
2、定冠词的基本用法
3、不加冠词的基本规则以及冠词的习惯用法
冠词是一种虚词，只能附着在名词上帮助说明名词的含义。
冠词分为定冠词(the)和不冠词(a或an)两类，定冠词表示特指，不定冠词表示泛指。
a用于读音以辅音开头的词前面，an用于读音以元音开头的词前面。
如：a university， a useful book， an umbrella， a horse， an honest man.
一、不定冠词的基本用法
1.表示“一”的含义。
Give me a pen please.
We go shopping twice a week.
2.泛指某个人或东西。
Yesterday we visited an English secondary school.
She picked up a magazine and began to read.
3.表示一类人或东西。
He works as a language teacher in that university.
As a writer， he is successful.
Even a child can answer this question.
可数名词单数出现，泛指用不定冠词，特指用定冠词。一个可数名词的单数不能自己单独出现。
二、定冠词的基本用法
1.表示特定的人或东西。
Give me the magazine.
Have you decided on the prices yet?
The book on the table is an English dictionary.
Beijing is the capital of China.
2.复述前文提到的人或东西。
Last week， I saw a flim. The film is about a love story between two middle-aged people.
The old man saw a house in the field. He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing.
3.用于形容词前面，代表一类人或东西。
the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the wounded 受伤的人
the sick 生病的人 the beautiful 美丽的事物 the old 老年人
the young 年青人
4.用于表示世界上独一无二的东西的名词前面。
the moon， the sun， the earth
The moon moves aroud the earth.
We have friends all over the world.
Dont build castles in the air.
5.用于序数词、方位名词、形容词与副词的级前面，副词级前面的the 可以省略。
January is the first month of the year.
The sun rises in the east.
Japan lies to the east of China.
Beijing lies in the north of China.
Ireland lies on the Great Britain.
At the Childrens Palace， some children learn to play the piano， others learn to play the violin.
Last week we went to the theatre.
Among the three girls she speaks English the best.
“东、南、西、北”作副词时，前面不加冠词。
We are walking south.
形容词级前若有物主代词，就不加定冠词。
Monday is my busiest day.
6.用于姓氏的复数形式前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。
The Lius have moved to Guangzhou.
The Simths came to China for visit in 1996.
7.不可数名词前面通常不加定冠词，但若有限制性定语修饰，或表示特定部分、特定内容时，前面需加定冠词。
Drink some water.
Is the water in the well fit for drink?
What do you think of the music?
He cant take the advice his mother gives him.
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1. 一般现在时的被动语态：
承受者+be{is/am/are +done(过去分词) by+执行者 .
E.g.： Many schools are built(done) every year in the city.
note： {地点状语，时间状语一般都放在句末;in the city 特指
其中 be 的使用取决于主语的单复形式。
A lot of修饰可数和不可数名词
Many修饰可数名词
Mach修饰不可数名词
主动： They all read(原形) English every day.
被动：English read (过去分词)by all of them every day.
主动：Mother often scolds me.
被动：I am often scolded by mother.
2. 一般过去式的被动语态：
承受者+be{was/were +done(过去分词) by+执行者 (不明确可省略)。
E.g.： 主动：He repaired his bike yesterday.
被动：His bike was repaired by him yesterday.
主动：Children cleaned many streets last Sunday.
被动：Many streets were cleaned by children last Sunday.
3. 现在进行时的被动语态：
承受者+be{is/am/are being(现在分词)done by+执行者 (不明确可省略)。
E.g. 主动： He is writing his composition.
被动：His composition is being written by him.
Note： write/wrote/wtitten
4. 过去进行时的被动语态：
承受者+be{was/were｝ being(现在分词)done by+执行者 (不明确可省略)。
E.g. 主动：He was majoring computer during his college.
被动：Computer was being majored by him during his college.
5. 将来时的被动语态：
承受者+{be going to/will/shall(be动词原形)/be to｝be done by+执行者 (不明确时可省略)。
E.g.1 A big supermarket will/shall/be to be built here next year
Note ： be to ：计划或安排好的动作或行为。
E.g.2 The flight is to leave for Hefei city.
6. 现在完成时的被动语态：
承受者+have(复数主语)/has been done by+执行者 (不明确可省略)
E.g. 主动：Our School has finished many scientific researches.
被动：Many scientific researches have been finished by our school.
7. 将来时态的被动语态：
承受者+{be going to/will/shall/be to｝have been done by+执行者
E.g. 主动：We‘ ll have finished the book by the end of September.
被动： The book will/shall have been finished by the end of September
Note： by the end of 短语的用法
(1) Will have done by the end of +将来时态
(2) Had done by the end of +过去完成时态
E.g. The project had been made by the end of last week.
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分词
1、中文：他理发了。
(误)He had his hair to be cut.
(正)He had his hair cut.(have，get+宾语+过去分词表示使…被。)
2、中文：他喜欢喝凉开水。
(误)He likes to drink boiling water.
(正)He likes to drink boiled water.(现在分词表示主动，boiling water指正在沸腾的水;过去分词表示完成，boiled water指沸腾过的水。)
3、中文：由于做饭，他看上去累了。
(误)He looked tiring with cooking.
(正)He looked tired with cooking.(tiring表示令人疲倦的，tired表示人被弄疲倦了。)
4、中文：我不能让别人明白我的意思。
(误)I couldn't make myself understand.
(正)I couldn't make myself understood.(过去分词表示被动，make myself understood表示使我被别人明白。)
5、中文：昨天早上我上学时见到了我的一个朋友。
(误)I was walking to school yesterday morning，I met a friend of mine.
(正)Walking to school yesterday morning，I met a friend of mine.(前一句如作时间从句缺连词，后一句分词构句表时间。)
6、中文：假期结束了，约翰返回了学校。
(误)The vacation was over，John returned to school.
(正)The vacation being over，John returned to school.(前一句如作时间从句缺连词，后一句独立分词构句表时间。)
7、中文：戴帽子的工人躺在地上。
(误)The workman worn a hat is lying on the ground.
(正)The workman wearing a hat is lying on the ground.(带帽子是主动行动，要用现在分词wearing a hat表示。)
8、中文：小女孩站在那里哭了。
(误)The little girl stood there cried.
(正)The little girl stood there crying.(哭是主语the little girl发出的行动，要用现在分词crying表示。)
9、中文：天气好，我们今天要去郊游。
(误)Being fine， we'll go outing today.
(正)It being fine， we'll go outing today.(前一句错在分词构句所表示的动作不是主句的主语发出的;后一句加上表示气候的It作逻辑主语，构成独立分词构句表原因。)
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一、开音节
以发音的元音字母结尾、以“元音字母+不发音的e”结尾、以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e”结尾的音节都叫开音节。
如：no， be， note.
★发音的元音字母：a， e， i， o， u
二、闭音节
以“一个元音字母+一个或几个辅音字母(r除外)”结尾的音节叫闭音节。
如：map， plan， west.
三、r音节
以“元音字母+r”构成的音节叫r音节。
如：car， doctor， teacher， dirty.
词汇与语法
40个小题，共40分。
从2002，2003年的考题看，语法占20――25分。
第一节 名 词(null)
大纲要求掌握：
一、可数名词与不可数名词
二、可数名词的复数形式
三、名词的所有格
四、名词在句子中的作用
一、可数名词与不可数名词
名词分可数与不可数两种。
可数名词表示某类人或东西中的个体。如table， country.
或表示若干个体组成的集合体。如 family， people， committee， police.
不可数名词表示无法分为个体的实物。如air， tea， furniture， water.
或表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。如work， information， advice， happiness.
有些名词在一种场合下是可数名词，在另一种场合下是不可数名词。
如room 房间(可数)，空间(不可数)
time 时间(不可数)，次数(可数)
fish 鱼(不可数)，各种各样的鱼(可数)
比较下列例句：
There are nine rooms in the house. (房间，可数名词)
There isnt enough room for us three in the car . (空间，不可数名词)
不可数名词的数量可以通过在其前面加单位词来表示。
如： 一块肉 a piece of meat
两条长面包 two loaves of bread
三件家具 three articles of furniture
一大笔钱 a large sum of money
二、可数名词的复数形式
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词复数的构成如下：
1.一般情况下在名词后加-s.如：girls， books.
★浊辅音、元音结尾，s发[z]
2.以s， x ， ch， sh结尾的词在名词后加-es.如：glasses， boxes， matches， bushes.
★以s， x ， ch， sh结尾，es发[iz]
3.“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i再加-es.如：city-cities， country-countries.
4.以o结尾的词多数加-es.如：heroes， tomatoes， potatoes.
radios， zoos， photos， pianos， kilos 例外。
5.f， fe 结尾的词，多数变f，fe为v再加-es.如：thief-thieves， leaf-leaves， half-halves， life-lives， wife-wives， knife-knives.
少数名词有不规则的复数形式。如：man-men， woman-women， foot-feet， tooth-teeth， child-children， mouse-mice.
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